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残差奖励模型:利用先验知识实现机器人领域高效基于偏好的强化学习

文章背景与核心概要

在机器人技术中,基于偏好的强化学习(PbRL)是替代繁琐的人工奖励设计的一种强大方法,但它常常受制于较低的样本效率以及高昂的人工反馈成本。为了解决这一痛点,本文引入了一种名为残差奖励模型(Residual Reward Models, RRM)的创新方法,通过将先验知识无缝集成到学习过程中来显著提升效率。

RRM 框架的核心思想是将环境的奖励函数拆解为两个部分:一是基于工程启发式、大语言模型生成奖励或逆强化学习得出的“最佳猜测”先验奖励;二是专门通过人类偏好训练出来的残差偏移量。通过这种有机结合,该方法有效避免了训练过程中由于切换损失函数而常见的不稳定性。在 Meta-World、DM-Control 模拟环境以及真实 Franka Panda 机器人上的实验结果表明,与传统基线相比,RRM 能够显著加速策略学习,并在更少的训练步数下取得更高的成功率。


摘要 (Summary)

arXiv: 2507.00611
Authors: Chenyang Cao, Miguel Rogel-García, Mohamed Nabail, Xueqian Wang, Nicholas Rhinehart
Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Robotics (cs.RO)


Summary

Preference-based Reinforcement Learning (PbRL) is a powerful alternative to manual reward engineering, but it is often hindered by poor sample efficiency and the high cost of human feedback. This paper introduces Residual Reward Models (RRM), a novel approach to improve efficiency by integrating prior knowledge into the learning process.

基于偏好的强化学习(PbRL)是替代人工奖励设计的一种强有力的方法,但它通常受限于较低的样本效率以及人类反馈的高昂成本。本文引入了残差奖励模型(Residual Reward Models, RRM),这是一种通过将先验知识整合到学习过程中来提高效率的新方法。

The RRM framework decomposes the environment's reward function into two components: 1. Prior Reward: A "best guess" based on engineering heuristics, language-generated rewards, or inverse reinforcement learning. 2. Learned Reward: A residual offset trained specifically via human preferences.

RRM 框架将环境的奖励函数分解为两个组件: 1. 先验奖励(Prior Reward): 基于工程启发式、语言生成的奖励或逆强化学习得出的“最佳猜测”。 2. 学习奖励(Learned Reward): 专门通过人类偏好训练得到的残差偏移量。

By combining these, the authors avoid the instability often associated with switching loss functions during training. Experimental results in Meta-World and DM-Control, as well as real-world testing on a Franka Panda robot, demonstrate that RRMs significantly accelerate policy learning and achieve higher success rates with fewer training steps compared to traditional baselines.

通过将这两者结合,作者避免了在训练过程中切换损失函数时经常伴随的不稳定性。在 Meta-World 和 DM-Control 中的实验结果,以及在 Franka Panda 机器人上的真实世界测试表明,与传统基线相比,RRM 显著加速了策略学习,并且在更少的训练步骤下实现了更高的成功率。


核心贡献 (Key Contributions)

Key Contributions

  • Methodological Innovation: Proposes the Residual Reward Model (RRM) to stabilize optimization in PbRL by treating learned rewards as a residual offset to prior knowledge.
  • Versatility: Compatible with various forms of prior knowledge, including heuristics, language models, and inverse reinforcement learning outputs.
  • Empirical Validation: Demonstrates substantial improvements in sample efficiency across simulated environments (Meta-World, DM-Control) and physical robotic hardware (Franka Panda).
  • 方法论创新: 提出了残差奖励模型(RRM),通过将学习到的奖励视为先验知识的残差偏移量,从而稳定 PbRL 中的优化过程。
  • 通用性: 兼容多种形式的先验知识,包括启发式方法、语言模型以及逆强化学习的输出。
  • 实证验证: 证明了在模拟环境(Meta-World、DM-Control)和物理机器人硬件(Franka Panda)中,样本效率均得到了显著提升。

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